{"id":58,"date":"2005-12-09T02:12:25","date_gmt":"2005-12-09T00:12:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.recepaydogdu.com\/?p=58"},"modified":"2020-04-12T03:38:45","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T00:38:45","slug":"osmanlinin-kurulus-donemine-yolculuk-kose-mihal-ve-harmankaya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.recepaydogdu.com\/?p=58","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemine Yolculuk (K\u00f6se Mihal ve Harmankaya)"},"content":{"rendered":"

OSMANLI’NIN KURULU\u015e D\u00d6NEM\u0130NE YOLCULUK (K\u00d6SE M\u0130HAL VE HARMANKAYA)<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Colin Imber’e g\u00f6re Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi \u2018kara delik’ten ibarettir (\u00d6zel&\u00d6z, 2000:20). Bu d\u00f6nemle ilgili Bizans ve Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na dayanan yay\u0131nlara g\u00f6re yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihte bo\u015fluk bulunmaktad\u0131r. (Zacharidou, 2000:346, Mantran, 2000: 41, Hammer, 1989: 115 ve Yal\u00e7\u0131n, 2003: 69, 86) . Bir benzetme yapacak olursak Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6nemi, ba\u015f sayfalar\u0131 \u00fczerine kazara yer yer m\u00fcrekkep d\u00f6k\u00fclerek okunamaz hale gelmi\u015f, ya\u015fanan baz\u0131 olaylar bir ba\u015fka yer ve zamana monte edilmi\u015f bir kitap gibidir. Biraz dikkat edilince garipli\u011fi sezmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. B\u00f6yle olunca tarihimizi do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak alg\u0131layabilmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6neminin \u0131\u015f\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 ismi K\u00f6se Mihal’in ya\u015fam\u0131 ile tekfurluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Harmankaya konusu da, tarihteki bu bo\u015fluktan ve tahrifattan nasibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6se Mihal, Bursa’n\u0131n fethinden sonra tarih sahnesinden birden yok olmu\u015ftur. Aradan ge\u00e7en 679 y\u0131la ra\u011fmen, \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni ve yeri s\u0131rd\u0131r. K\u00f6se Mihal’in yurdu kabul edilen Harmankaya hakk\u0131ndaki rivayetler muhteliftir. Bunlar, Uluda\u011f Bursa Halkevi Dergisinde, Gazi Mihal (1945: 1-4 ve 1946: 4,6, 7) taraf\u0131ndan pek \u00e7ok kez kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6se Mihal (Mikhail Kosses) \u00f6nceleri Osman Bey’e kar\u015f\u0131 olan saf i\u00e7inde iken; aralar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bir olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osman Bey taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, sonra can\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olaydan sonra aralar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc arkada\u015fl\u0131k, dostluk, m\u00fcttefiklik ba\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur. Baz\u0131 zamanlar ise K\u00f6se Mihal Osman Bey’e yapmalar\u0131 gerekenler hakk\u0131nda \u00f6neriler sunabilmektedir (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 65). Bulundu\u011fu konum nedeniyle Bitinya’daki tekfurlarla da halen yak\u0131n ili\u015fkilerini devam ettiren K\u00f6se Mihal d\u00fc\u015fman tekfurlar taraf\u0131ndan Osman Bey’e yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan komplolardan Osman Bey’i haberdar etmi\u015ftir. (Arslan, 2001: 49) Birlikte planlar yap\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015fman tekfurlar\u0131n oyunlar\u0131 bozuldu\u011fu gibi kar\u015f\u0131 hamlelerle filizlenmekte olan Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi’nin daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 68-9)<\/p>\n

K\u00f6se Mihal Osman Bey’in kurmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet i\u00e7in hedef olan Bizans co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iyi tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130yi bir ak\u0131nc\u0131 komutan, gayr\u0131 nizami sava\u015f ustas\u0131 ve diplomat ki\u015fili\u011fi ile Kurulu\u015f D\u00f6neminin bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olay\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. Osman Gazi’nin \u00f6teden beri yerli gayri M\u00fcslim unsurlarla m\u00fcdara dostluk etme (y\u00fcze g\u00fclme) politikas\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. (age: 331) Devlet i\u00e7inde hetorodoks \u0130slam unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bu politikan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini ku\u015fkusuz kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ortam\u0131nda yerli Rumlar, horland\u0131klar\u0131 eski Bizans y\u00f6netimini aramad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi yeni devlete de destek olmu\u015flard\u0131r. (age: 75) Sahip oldu\u011fu \u00f6zellikler nedeniyle K\u00f6se Mihal’in gayri M\u00fcslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 sorun eden Gazi Komutanlar\u0131n olumsuz tav\u0131rlar\u0131ndan Osman Bey taraf\u0131ndan korunmu\u015ftur. Hidayete ererek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131 veya d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesi ile bu sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmi\u015ftir. (age: 78-9)<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal olarak Heteredoks \u0130slam unsurlar\u0131 ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkide olan K\u00f6se Mihal Gazi Orhan Bey’in iyi bir asker ve komutan olara yeti\u015ftirilmesi g\u00f6revinde de bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nceleri dost, arkada\u015f, m\u00fcttefik ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu Osman Gazi’nin emrinde Gibbons’un tabiriyle \u2018faik (\u00fcst\u00fcn) \u00f6zelliklerine ra\u011fmen seve seve hizmet etmi\u015ftir.\u201d (Gibbons,1998: 43) Yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi Orhan Gazi ile birlikte sava\u015flara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve onun emrinde Bursa’n\u0131n fethinde diplomatik g\u00f6rev de yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 85) Kendisi tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekildikten sonra soyundan gelen Mihalo\u011fullar\u0131 d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz y\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131ya hizmet etmi\u015f Balkanlar\u0131n fethinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015f hay\u0131r i\u015fleri ve imar faaliyetlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Arslan, 2001: 51-79)<\/p>\n


\nOsman Bey ile K\u00f6se Mihal’in Kader Birli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osman Bey ile K\u00f6se Mihal emsal ya\u015flardad\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 bir bey iken Osman Bey’in esir etti\u011fi K\u00f6se Mihal’in can\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra aralar\u0131nda dostluk ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 genellikle kabul edilmektedir. Din, devlet ve \u00fclke de\u011fi\u015ftirmek basite al\u0131nacak bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ruh d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda depremler yaratan bir hadisedir. Ancak \u00e7ok ciddi nedenlerle, k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi teban\u0131n da onay\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir ki\u015fi, taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde uzun vadede kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umut ediyorsa bunu yapabilir.<\/p>\n

Sadece zay\u0131f Bizans Devletinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 buna neden olamaz. Her ne kadar Bizans y\u00f6netiminin bu tarihlerde Bitinya’da geli\u015fen olaylara ilgisi yoksa da en zay\u0131f an\u0131nda bile k\u00f6kl\u00fc devlet gelene\u011fine, devlet tecr\u00fcbesine sahip, entrika ustas\u0131 Bizans y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerini ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrk Beyliklerini evlilik, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc vaad, hediye ve para ile kendi menfaatleri do\u011frultusunda kullanabilmektedir. Bitinya’da Uluda\u011f\u0131n kuzeyinde bulunan tekfurlar, i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 kaotik ortama ra\u011fmen Kay\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrkmen tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak halindedir.<\/p>\n

Osman Bey’in \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Pakhimeris’in anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde Sakarya Nehri Bizans ile T\u00fcrk Beyleri aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. \u0130mparator Palaiogolos (1252-1282) T\u00fcrkmenlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n kaleleri (hisar) onartm\u0131\u015f ve \u0131rmak boyunca kaz\u0131klar diktirtmi\u015f, T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na vergiden muaf \u00e7ift\u00e7iler- Akritai denilen milisler yerle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi. Sakarya nehri bu hisarlar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funa do\u011fal hendek hizmeti g\u00f6rmekteydi. (Mantran, 2002: 20 ve Hammers, 1989 : 80)<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da \u00e7izilen panoramaya g\u00f6re, Osmangazi’nin s\u0131k\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Bizans s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan elini kolunu sallayarak K\u00f6se Mihal’in Sakarya \u00f6tesindeki yurdu olan Harmankayaya ula\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Kader birli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen Osman Bey ve K\u00f6se Mihal’in b\u00f6yle bir ortamda ancak Osman Bey’in yayla\u011f\u0131 olan Domani\u00e7 yaylalar\u0131na yak\u0131n bir yerde olmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Zaten yak\u0131n dostluk, arkada\u015fl\u0131k ve kader birli\u011fi yak\u0131n kom\u015fuluk ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. G\u00f6zden \u0131rak olan g\u00f6n\u00fclden de \u0131rak olur.<\/p>\n


\nHarmankaya’n\u0131n Yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bursa-Harmanc\u0131k’\u0131n Harmankaya oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 kaynaklarda bildirilmektedir. Gazimihal (1946: 9-13), Ahmet Vefik Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u2018Leh\u00e7e-i Osmani’ s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu konuyu kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Harmanc\u0131k ile Domani\u00e7 yaylalar\u0131 K\u00f6se Mihal ile Osman Beyin devaml\u0131 birlikte olabilecekleri mesafeden uzakt\u0131r. Harmanc\u0131k ile Domani\u00e7-Bilelik yaylas\u0131 aras\u0131 binek hayvan\u0131 ile 10,5 saat s\u00fcrmektedir. Ku\u015f u\u00e7tu\u011fu 40 km mesafededir. Harmanc\u0131k, 1530 tarihli kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re, Sultan \u00fcnvanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlara ba\u011fl\u0131 hassa piyadelerine t\u0131mar olarak verilecek \u00f6neme sahip \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6yd\u00fcr. (Kaplano\u011flu, 2001: 134-135) (T\u00fcrk Ak\u0131nc\u0131 Beyleri, 23). Orhaneli’nin (Adranos) g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda yer alan Harmanc\u0131k’tan Uluda\u011f (Ke\u015fi\u015f Da\u011f\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011fi gibi Uluda\u011fa mesafe olarak da uzakt\u0131r. Tarihi bilgiler ve topografya g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Harmanc\u0131k’\u0131n Harmankaya olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. ‘\u0130lk Sultan \u00fcnvanl\u0131 bey olan I. Murad’ (Arslan, 2001: 23) zaman\u0131na kadar, Harmanc\u0131k denilen yerin oldu\u011fu dahi \u015f\u00fcphelidir.<\/p>\n

Hammer’in (1989: 65) tarifine g\u00f6re \u2018Ke\u015fi\u015f Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n (Uluda\u011f) ete\u011finde Adranos’un (Orhaneli) do\u011fusunda m\u00fcstahkem mevkii’ denilen ve Domani\u00e7 Yaylalar\u0131na kom\u015fu olan yer, y\u00f6rede yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re Keles-Koza\u011fac\u0131 K\u00f6yleri ve Gelemi\u00e7 K\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yerden ba\u015fka yer olamaz kanaatindeyim. Buray\u0131 anlat\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle \u2018Eski Harmankaya’ diye adland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m. Koza\u011fac\u0131 K\u00f6ylerinden birinin ad\u0131n\u0131n Harmandemirci olmas\u0131 da Harmankaya’y\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Bir\u00e7ok kaynakta bulunan haritalarda bu yer Harmankaya olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n


\nHarmankaya Ad\u0131n\u0131n Etimolojik Analizi Ve Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015eekillerine Uygunlu\u011fu \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flunun benzer durumlarda i\u00e7 g\u00fcd\u00fcsel olarak benzer davran\u0131\u015flarda bulundu\u011fu bilinen olgudur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde insanlar \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131ndan etkilenir. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlere ad koyarken de ortak davran\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterirler. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerin \u2018do\u011fal durumu ve konumu’ yer ad\u0131 olarak konulur. Yeni yerlere g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler eski yerle\u015fim yerlerine uygun mekan ararlar (Cemilo\u011flu, 2002: 29-32). Harmankaya yer ad\u0131n\u0131n bu bilimsel perspektife uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inceleyim.<\/p>\n

Bizans tekfurlu\u011fu olan yer ad\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e de\u011fil Bizans\u00e7a (Eski Yunanca) olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Yedi-sekizy\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce Eski Yunanca s\u00f6ylenip, o d\u00f6nemdeki T\u00fcrkmenler taraf\u0131ndan Harmankaya olarak alg\u0131lanan kelimeyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p analiz edelim. Yay\u0131nlanan iki kaynakta \u2018Chirmen Kia'(Kaplano\u011flu, 2000:104) ve \u2018Hirmen Kata’ (Yal\u00e7\u0131n, 2003: 43) tabirleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m. Etimolojik s\u00f6zl\u00fckte Eski Yunanca \u2018Kh’ Latince \u2018Ch’ harfinin Yunanca \u2018H’ kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. \u00d6rne\u011fin Khristos, Christos, Hristos veya Mikhail, Michel, Mihal gibi. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2018Harman’ olarak duyulan kelimenin Eski Yunanca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Kharman’ olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Ni\u015fanyan, 2003: xvii). Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2018kaymak’ kelimesinin bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018kadhmak’t\u0131r. Eski Yunanca \u2018Kata’ kelimesini duyan bir T\u00fcrkmenin bunu \u2018Kata’ veya \u2018Kaya’ olarak anlamas\u0131 gayet do\u011fald\u0131r (age: 220, 222)<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Harmankaya’n\u0131n Eski Yunanca (Bizans\u00e7a) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Kharman Kata’ olmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Da\u011f ete\u011fi halk\u0131, etekteki da\u011f halk\u0131’, veya Bursa’da oturanlar\u0131n y\u00f6rede oturanlar i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tabirle \u2018Da\u011fl\u0131’, \u2018Harmankaya tekfuru’ ise \u2018Da\u011fl\u0131 tekfuru’ anlam\u0131na gelmelidir. (Umar, 1993: 45, 379, 545) Bu terim \u00f6zbe \u00f6z T\u00fcrkmen olan y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenini belirtmez. Co\u011frafi anlamdad\u0131r. Bu konuda son s\u00f6z\u00fc etimologlar s\u00f6ylemelidir. \u2018Orhanelinin do\u011fusunda, Uluda\u011f\u0131n ete\u011finde m\u00fcstahkem mevki’ tarifile ile a\u00e7\u0131klanan bu yerden daha g\u00fcneye gidilip geriye d\u00f6nerek bak\u0131l\u0131rsa Uluda\u011f\u0131n ete\u011fine konmu\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc veren bu yere \u2018Harmankaya’ ad\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n

Eski Harmankayan\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en akarsuyu ve iklimi ile Sakarya \u00f6tesinde \u2018Yeni Harmankaya’ diye adland\u0131rarak anlataca\u011f\u0131m Harmank\u00f6y ve \u00e7evresinin benzerli\u011fi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131da oldu\u011fu gibi Bizansta akritai (s\u0131n\u0131r muhaf\u0131z\u0131 komutan) g\u00f6revi yapan K\u00f6se Mihal’e (Mihail Kosses) t\u0131mar olarak verilen Eski Harmankaya (Kharman Kata) kuzeyindeki Uluda\u011f nedeniyle, Bitinya’daki tekfurlardan yard\u0131m alabilecek durumda de\u011fildir. Bursa’ya uzakt\u0131r. G\u00fcneyinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Germiyan ve Karesi Beylikleri, do\u011fusunda ne zaman ne yapaca\u011f\u0131 belli olmayan (!) g\u00f6z\u00fc kara Osman Bey ile kom\u015fudur. Muhtemelen Atranos tekfuru ile ili\u015fkileri iyi de\u011fildir. (\u0130leride fethedilen hisarlardan sadece Atranosun y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p tekfurunun \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin bu tekfurun K\u00f6se Mihalin ili\u015fkilerinin iyi olmamas\u0131 ile de ilintili olabilir.)<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan K\u00f6se Mihal’in gelece\u011fini ba\u015fka kap\u0131da aramas\u0131, ba\u015fka topraklarda g\u00fcvencede olmay\u0131 istemesi \u00e7ok do\u011fald\u0131r. Tutunaca\u011f\u0131 dal Osmangazidir. Gen\u00e7 g\u00f6z\u00fckara Osman Beyi ile bir vesileyle arkada\u015f olmu\u015ftur. Y\u0131l\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Domani\u00e7 yaylalar\u0131nda ge\u00e7iren Osman Bey devaml\u0131 kendisine geldi\u011finde Harmankaya kafirlerine hizmet ettirerek onun g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc ho\u015f tutmaktad\u0131r. (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 65) \u00d6te yandan, K\u00f6se Mihal de Osman Bey i\u00e7in tutunacak bir dald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Osman Bey S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct ve Domani\u00e7 noktalar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren \u00e7izginin kuzey bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Karacahisar\u0131 fethederek yaylak-k\u0131\u015flak aras\u0131ndaki emniyet sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Noktalar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgiden \u00e7okgen haline gelip devlet olabilmenin \u00e7arelerini aramaktad\u0131r (Divit\u00e7io\u011flu, 1996: 63-64)<\/p>\n

Osman Beyin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Pakhimeris’in anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Osman Beye bir f\u0131rsat do\u011far. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde … \u2018kom\u015fu olan hisarlar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funa do\u011fal bir hendek olarak hizmet etmekte olan Sakarya nehri birdenbire yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finden muhaf\u0131zlar hisarlar\u0131 g\u00fcvensiz bularak terk ettiler. Nehir o m\u0131nt\u0131kay\u0131 bir ay sular alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakt\u0131ktan sonra eski mecras\u0131na (yata\u011f\u0131na) d\u00f6nd\u00fc. \u201cO kadar nehir \u00e7amuru getirdi ki suyun derinli\u011fi pek az kalarak art\u0131k ge\u00e7it yerinden ge\u00e7ilmesine hi\u00e7bir mani bulunmuyordu(Hammer, 1989 :80) B\u00f6yle bir ortamda Osman Bey Sakarya \u00f6tesine yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc seferin niyetini K\u00f6se Mihal’e a\u00e7ar. Sefere karar verilir. (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 65) Bu sefer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu takdirde her ikisi de kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Osman Bey \u00fclkesini geni\u015fletecek, K\u00f6se Mihal ise kendine g\u00fcvenli yeni bir yurt bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n


\nYeni Harmankaya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 kaynaklar \u0130nhisar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Harmank\u00f6y ve \u00e7evresindeki yerlerin K\u00f6se Mihal’in tekfurluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer oldu\u011funu eski topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kendisine temlik edildi\u011fini bildirmektedir. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hizmetler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alplerine, gazilerine toprak temlik etti\u011fi do\u011frudur. (age: 75-77) En yak\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki dostuna sadece K\u00f6se Mihal’in eski topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na izin verip ba\u015fka bir \u015fey vermemesi izah edilemez. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce do\u011fru olamaz.<\/p>\n

Sakarya nehrinin yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi sonras\u0131 ge\u00e7it verir hale geldikten sonra Sar\u0131cakaya’dan ak\u0131n ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buras\u0131 Harmankaya’ya m\u00fccavirdir. Be\u015fta\u015f’a gelinip buran\u0131n \u015eeyhinden Sakaryan\u0131n ge\u00e7it veren yeri \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131da kendilerini bekleyen Samsa \u00c7avu\u015fun refakatiyle sefere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Bir ki\u015finin kendi topraklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu bildirilen yeri refakat\u00e7i e\u015fli\u011finde ge\u00e7iyor olmas\u0131 sadece oral\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Saat y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn tersine yap\u0131lan sefer sonras\u0131 bol ganimet toplan\u0131p G\u00f6lflanoz’a (G\u00f6lpazar\u0131) gelinir. G\u00f6lflanoz Beyine zarar verilmez. Sonra Harmankayaya gelinir (age: 65-66 ve Ayd\u0131n, 2002: 83-84). Gelinen yer Prminios adl\u0131 yerle\u015fim yeri olmal\u0131d\u0131r. (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1994: 107) A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade bu bilgilere 1413 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren muttali olmu\u015f, 1479 civar\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 31-37 ve Langer&Blake, 2000: 180-181). Bu y\u0131llarda Prminios’un bulundu\u011fu yer Harmankaya olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu seferden bir m\u00fcddet sonra K\u00f6se Mihal k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 G\u00f6lflanoz beyi ile evlendirir. (A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade, 2003: 67) Osman Bey ve K\u00f6se Mihal’den korkan G\u00f6lflanoz beyi muhtemelen bu topraklara g\u00f6z koyanlara vermek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sakarya \u00f6tesine yap\u0131lan sefer ve yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Osman Bey’in g\u00f6vde g\u00f6sterisi \u00e7evre tekfurlar\u0131 tedirgin etmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle Bilecik tekfuru taraf\u0131ndan azarlanan ve el \u00f6pt\u00fcr\u00fclen Osman Bey’in alt\u0131-yedi y\u0131l sesi solu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Ayd\u0131n, 2002: 78)<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan sefer sonras\u0131 K\u00f6se Mihal’e verildi\u011fi (temlik edildi\u011fi) anla\u015f\u0131lan topraklar\u0131 anlat\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle \u201cYeni Harmankaya\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yorum. Yeni Harmankaya’da bir \u00e7ok yerin miras ve sat\u0131n al\u0131nma yoluyla Mihalo\u011fullar\u0131na ait oldu\u011funa dair H\u00fcdavendigar Livas\u0131 Tahrir Defterlerinde vard\u0131r (Barkan&Meri\u00e7li, 1988: 313-317).<\/p>\n

Yeni Harmankayan\u0131n K\u00f6se Mihal’e vilayet olarak verildi\u011fine ku\u015fku yoktur. Osman Gazi taraf\u0131ndan on yedi y\u0131l sonra ayn\u0131 yerin daha kuzeyine yap\u0131lacak sefer \u00f6ncesi, \u0130slama davet edilmek \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kabul etmedi\u011fi takdirde vilayetinin vurulaca\u011f\u0131 gazilere bildirilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra K\u00f6se Mihal’in Osman Gazi’nin huzuruna gelip kendili\u011finden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmay\u0131 isteyi\u015fi manidard\u0131r (Ayd\u0131n, 2002: 85, 89, 90)<\/p>\n

Yeni Harmankaya etraf\u0131 da\u011flarla \u00e7evrili bir yer olup da\u011flar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki kanyondan akan \u00e7ay g\u00fcney-bat\u0131 istikametinde ilerleyerek Sakarya Nehrine d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u00f6y i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u0131rak saray\u0131 (\u00c7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n Saray\u0131) denilen yerden g\u00fcney bat\u0131 istikametine bak\u0131l\u0131nca S\u00f6\u011f\u00fctte bulunan fabrika bacalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan duman g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ku\u015f u\u00e7tu\u011fu Harmank\u00f6y-S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct aras\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 24 km.dir. Harman K\u00f6yl\u00fc Mehmet Sar\u0131kaya’n\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, ate\u015f veya duman yard\u0131m\u0131yla Harmank\u00f6y-S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct ile K\u00f6se Mihal ve Osman Bey haberle\u015febilirlermi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceden de anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Eski Harmankaya ile Yeni Harmankaya ve \u00e7evresinin yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, akarsuyu ve iklimindeki benzerlik \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Her iki yerin yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa Eski Harmankaya’dan sonra yerle\u015filen Yeni Harmankaya’n\u0131n yerinin \u00f6zenle se\u00e7ildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n


\nK\u00f6se Mihal’in \u00d6l\u00fcm Yeri ve Mezar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerin birden \u00e7ok mezar ve makam mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bir ger\u00e7e\u011fimizdir. Halk bir \u015fekilde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, de\u011fer verdi\u011fi ki\u015fileri ba\u011fr\u0131na basar ve onu de\u011fi\u015fik yollarla anar. O tarihi \u015fahsiyetlerin o yerlerle belki bug\u00fcn bilinmeyen ili\u015fkisi olabilir. Aradan ge\u00e7en y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ili\u015fki unutulup gitmi\u015f ama k\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6se Mihal mezar\u0131n\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131nda oldu\u011funa inanan iki de\u011fi\u015fik yer vard\u0131r. Birincisi \u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6y, ikincisi birbirine kom\u015fu Tav\u015fanl\u0131-Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fc ve Merkezyenik\u00f6y’d\u00fcr.<\/p>\n


\n1 – \u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6y K\u00f6se Mihal Mezar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Harmank\u00f6yl\u00fcler k\u00f6ylerinde ayn\u0131 yerde yan yana iki mezar\u0131n K\u00f6se Mihal ve e\u015fine ait oldu\u011funa inan\u0131r ve her y\u0131l Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda bu yerde \u2018Dede Hayr\u0131’ yaparlar. Kaynaklara g\u00f6re K\u00f6se Mihal’in burada g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Arslan, 2001: 91). Bundan ba\u015fka Mahmut Rag\u0131p Gazimihal taraf\u0131ndan, Uluda\u011f, Bursa Halkevi Dergisi’nde (1946, say\u0131 77, sayfa: 1-7) K\u00f6se Mihal mezar\u0131 ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rma yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re; Harmank\u00f6y’de etraf\u0131 duvarla \u00e7evrili \u00fcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k t\u00fcrbede bulunan iki mezar ba\u015f\u0131nda ‘iki kavuklu mezar ta\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu’ halk inan\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re mezar\u0131n birinin Gazi Mihal’e ait oldu\u011funu, k\u00f6yde t\u00fcrbedarl\u0131k yapan ailenin elindeki Abd\u00fclaziz d\u00f6nemi vak\u0131f berat\u0131na g\u00f6re; buradaki mezarlar\u0131n ad\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015f, \u2018\u2026.. Baba ve Gazi Mihal Bey’e ait oldu\u011fu’, Harmankaya (Harmank\u00f6y) t\u00fcrbesindeki kavuklu mezarta\u015fl\u0131 yat\u0131rlar\u0131n Orhan asr\u0131 ricalinden olmad\u0131klar\u0131na delil oldu\u011fu, Kurulu\u015f asr\u0131n\u0131n mezarta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hep tepeleri sivri oymal\u0131, Sel\u00e7uki tarzda oldu\u011funu, sonu\u00e7 olarak buradaki mezar\u0131n K\u00f6se Mihal’e de\u011fil, II. Murat d\u00f6neminde \u00f6len Mihalo\u011flu Mehmet Bey olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6y’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re; buras\u0131 \u00f6nceki sayfalarda anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en akarsuyu ve iklim olarak \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde Eski Harmankaya’ya benzemektedir. K\u00f6y i\u00e7inde K\u00f6se Mihal’in saray\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan \u2018\u00c7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n Saray\u0131’ denilen \u00f6ren yeri vard\u0131r. Oysa bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re K\u00f6se Mihal’e ait hi\u00e7bir yap\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Arslan, 2001: 56). Buradan g\u00fcney-bat\u0131 istikametine bak\u0131l\u0131nca \u00e7evre da\u011flar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki V \u015feklindeki vadiden S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct’teki fabrikalar\u0131n dumanlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Halk buradan K\u00f6se Mihal ile Osmangazi’nin ate\u015f veya duman ile haberle\u015fti\u011fine inan\u0131yor. K\u00f6y\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde \u00e7ok daha eski Bizans d\u00f6nemine ait bir\u00e7ok kal\u0131nt\u0131 mevcut.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u00c7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n Saray\u0131’ s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ge\u00e7en \u00e7\u0131rak’\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00f6yl\u00fcler bilmemektedir Ancak Tav\u015fanl\u0131-Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fcndeki K\u00f6se Mihal mezar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer ad\u0131n\u0131n \u2018K\u00f6se Kalfa’ olmas\u0131 dikkatimi \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Ahi te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131nda da \u2018\u00e7\u0131rak, kalfa, usta’ r\u00fctbelerinin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n iki yer aras\u0131nda bug\u00fcn bilemedi\u011fimiz bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funun delili olabilir.<\/p>\n

Harmank\u00f6y’deki \u00f6zel bir mezarl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc veren yerde yeni yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f K\u00f6se Mihal T\u00fcrbesi mevcuttur. Ger\u00e7ek mezar yeri yak\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen toprak \u00fczerinde herhangi bir mezar izi kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harmank\u00f6y’l\u00fc Mehmet Sar\u0131kaya’n\u0131n anlat\u0131m ve elleri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarife g\u00f6re; yanyana bulunan iki mezar\u0131n ikisinde de bulunan mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n silindiri\u011fe benzer g\u00f6vdeli olduklar\u0131, mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise g\u00f6steri\u015fli sar\u0131kl\u0131 kavuk oldu\u011funu, sar\u0131kl\u0131 kavukta d\u00fc\u015fey paralel \u00e7izgiler bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elleri ile ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fey \u00e7izgileri bariz bir \u015fekilde tarif etmi\u015ftir. Sar\u0131kaya, ilkokula ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1960 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bahis konusu mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011funu, 1965-1970 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bu mezarta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n defineci tabir edilen ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yok oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Harmank\u00f6yl\u00fc Mehmet Sar\u0131kaya ve Ahmet Saydam ile 03.12.2004 ve 20.03.2005 tarihinde yap\u0131lan konu\u015fma ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler tutanakla imza alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve kamera ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc kay\u0131tlar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n klasik tarih kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dahas\u0131 ba\u015fka bir yerde bulunamayacak bilgiler verdi\u011fi, tek tek ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda biyografik bilgilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tarihsel topo\u011frafya ve demografi, sosyal ve idari tarih, k\u0131yafetler ve aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi gibi alanlarda bilgi verdi\u011fi bilinmektedir (Laqueur, 1997:168)<\/p>\n

\u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6y’de bulunan mezarlarda 1965-1970 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar bulunup daha sonra k\u0131r\u0131lan ve yok olan iki mezar ta\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda 01.04.2005 tarihinde bilgisine ba\u015fvurdu\u011fum Uluda\u011f \u00dcniversitesi, \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi’nden Sanat Tarih\u00e7i Hicabi G\u00fclgen, \u201cOsmanl\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerindeki mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n daha basit mezar ta\u015flar\u0131 oldu\u011funu, Sel\u00e7uki tarzl\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 mezarta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bahis konusu silindirik g\u00f6vde \u00fczerine ta\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7izgili kavuklu mezarta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n erkeklere ait oldu\u011funu, Bekta\u015fi mezar ta\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve 16.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, en zengin \u00f6rneklerinin ise 17.-18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6yde bulunan g\u00f6steri\u015fli mezarta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6se Mihal’e ve e\u015fine ait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. H\u00fcdavendigar Livas\u0131 tahrir kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda Harmankaya ve ona tabi k\u00f6ylerde Mihal o\u011flu Ali o\u011flu Mehmet Bey’in (sonra Halep Beylerbeyi Mehmet Pa\u015fa) miras yoluyla ve sat\u0131n alma yoluyla sahip oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok m\u00fclk\u00fc vard\u0131r (Barkan&Meri\u00e7li, 1988: 313-317).<\/p>\n

Mihalo\u011flu Mehmet Bey’in Bulgaristan’daki Bekta\u015fi zaviyelerine para ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir (Alexsiyev, 2004: 105). Manevi ba\u011f olmayan yere ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 tabiidir. \u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6ydeki mezarlar ad\u0131n\u0131 bilemedi\u011fimiz bekta\u015fi babas\u0131 ve Bekta\u015fi inanc\u0131na sahip Mihalo\u011flu Gazi Ali o\u011flu, Mehmet o\u011flu, Ali o\u011flu, Mehmet Bey’e (Halep Beylerbeyi Mehmet Pa\u015fa) ait olmas\u0131 gerekir (Arslan, 2001: 54)<\/p>\n


\n2 – Tav\u015fanl\u0131-Derbent K\u00f6se Mihal Mezar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akademisyen ve yetkili uzmanlar\u0131n g\u00f6revli oldu\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131-Eski\u015fehir K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kurulu’nun 04.09.2003 g\u00fcn, 2520 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile \u201ckorunmas\u0131 gerekli k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tescil edilen K\u00f6se Mihal T\u00fcrbesinin\u201d ayn\u0131 kurulun 29.04.2005 g\u00fcn 381 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla K\u00fctahya \u0130li Tav\u015fanl\u0131 \u0130l\u00e7esinin \u2018Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na’ karar verilmi\u015ftir. Y\u00f6re k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, t\u00fcrbenin \u2018K\u00f6se Mihal’e ait oldu\u011funa’, bir sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ferek ayn\u0131 yere g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r inan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nhisar-Harmank\u00f6yde K\u00f6se Mihal’e ait saray yerinin bulundu\u011fu tepeye \u00c7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n Saray\u0131 denildi\u011fi gibi Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fcndeki K\u00f6se Mihal’in t\u00fcrbesinin bulundu\u011fu yere \u2018K\u00f6se Kalfa’ denilmektedir. Ahi te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131ndaki r\u00fctbeler olan \u2018\u00e7\u0131rak ve kalfa’ ad\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6se Mihal ile birlikte an\u0131lmas\u0131 ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Bu noktan\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ilgili bilim adamalar\u0131n dikkatine sunar\u0131m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Derbent’in Bursa \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r Derbent ve kom\u015fu Merkezyenik\u00f6y’l\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan K\u00f6se Mihal an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bilhassa kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en g\u00fczel elbiselerini giyerek \u015fenlik ve hay\u0131r yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde, en son 26.06.2005’de otantik \u00f6zellikleri aynen korunarak se\u00e7kin akademisyenlerin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f halk toplulu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan ‘Derbent-K\u00f6semihal Gazi K\u00fclt\u00fcr, Sanat, Tarih, Spor \u015eenlikleri’ ve \u2018\u0130pek Yolu Ko\u015fusu’ yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6rende konu\u015fma yapan Prof. Dr. Yusuf O\u011fuzo\u011flu (2005) \u2018Derbent Bursa i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Derbent Bursa’n\u0131n fethinden sonra ba\u015fta Nazilli ve Ege diyarlar\u0131ndan dokumac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan hammaddenin Bursa’ya, Bursa’dan dokunan tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, kadifenin ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin s\u0131ra bekleyen yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlara sat\u0131larak \u0130zmir ve di\u011fer Ege Limanlar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ticari ana yolda menzildir. Geceleri burada konaklayan 300-400 develik kervanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 burada giderilir. Burada, devlet bir han ve zaviye kurdurur\u2026’ demi\u015ftir. Halil \u0130nac\u0131k’a g\u00f6re buradan ge\u00e7en yol \u2018anayol’ kategorisindedir (\u0130nalc\u0131k, 2003: 128-9). Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ma g\u00f6re Derbent K\u00f6y arazisinde han kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Mevcut folklorik \u00f6geler ve sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar, burada zaviyenin bulundu\u011funu, ge\u00e7en yolcular\u0131n doyuruldu\u011funu ispatlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O\u011fuzo\u011flu’nun da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fc’n\u00fcn Bursa ile s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flar\u0131 oldu\u011fu tarih sayfalar\u0131nda da yerini bulmu\u015ftur. \u0130lhanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi (1335) Bat\u0131 Anadolu Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla (1300-1360) politik ve ticari a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi Bat\u0131 Anadoluya kayarak ticaret yollar\u0131 d\u00fczeninde de\u011fi\u015fme oldu. Bursa Anadolunun en \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezi ve do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ticareti i\u00e7in ambar olmu\u015ftu. 1391 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011finde Balat, Efes ve Fo\u00e7a gibi ticaret merkezleri de Osmanl\u0131 denetimine ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Bursa’ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Art\u0131k \u0130ran kervanlar\u0131 bu limanlara Bursa yoluyla ula\u015f\u0131yordu (\u0130nalc\u0131k, 2003: 127, 130)<\/p>\n

Bursa- \u0130zmir \u0130pek yolu (Ticaret yolu) g\u00fczergah\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: Bursa-G\u00f6kdere’den ba\u015flay\u0131p Elma\u00e7ukuru’ndan (S\u00fcleymaniye) Ba\u011fl\u0131 Han\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r. Ba\u011fl\u0131 Han\u0131 menzildir. Buradan So\u011fukp\u0131nar, Karaislah \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7en yol, B\u00fcy\u00fckdeliller ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckdeliller aras\u0131ndan, Barakl\u0131 Keles, Alpagut, Uzun\u00f6z’den Mente\u015fe Han\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r. Mente\u015fe Han\u0131 menzildir. \u00c7imenli Dereden ilerleyen yol, Adranos \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Asar Deresi vadisinden, K\u00fcrt (G\u00fcl\u00f6z\u00fc) ve K\u00f6seler aras\u0131ndan, Karay\u00fcksek’ten Deve yoku\u015fundan Derbent Han\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r. Derbent Han\u0131 menzildir. Bilahare Emet hudutlar\u0131 i\u00e7inden Ege Diyar\u0131na ve \u0130zmir’e gider.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 1310-1330 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Germiyan tehditi alt\u0131nda bir beyliktir (Divit\u00e7io\u011flu, 1996:75). Germiyan Beyi I. Yakup 1340 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar sa\u011fd\u0131r (Varl\u0131k, 1974: 44). Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda \u0130znik ve \u0130zmit de fethedilmi\u015ftir. Germiyan Beyli\u011finde 1340 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bey de\u011fi\u015fimi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen \u0130nalc\u0131k ve O\u011fuzo\u011flu’nun \u00e7izdi\u011fi portreye gelinmi\u015ftir. Bursa’dan ba\u015fka politik ve ticari a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyarak Ege ticaret merkezlerini Bursa’ya ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihimizde Germiyan g\u00fcc\u00fcne ve Germiyanl\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131ya olan husumetine ra\u011fmen bunun nas\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131labildi\u011fine dair bilgi yoktur. Nedensiz sonu\u00e7 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 tabiidir. Bu d\u00f6nem ile ilgili Bizans ve Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na dayanan yay\u0131nlara g\u00f6re tarihte bir bo\u015fluk mevcuttur. Sezgilerime, ya\u015fananlar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlere g\u00f6re; tarihte bir d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131-Germiyanl\u0131 hesapla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funa, bu hesapla\u015fmada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ad\u0131na ba\u015fta Geyikli Baba ve Derbent’e Orhan Gazi taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131m K\u00f6se Mihal olmak \u00fczere Abdalan-\u0131 Rumun rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. K\u00f6se Mihal Gazi’nin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 roller nedeniyle bu hesapla\u015fmadaki Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin komutan\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n


\nOsmanl\u0131-Germiyanl\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131-Karanl\u0131k 1326-1340 Y\u0131llar\u0131na I\u015f\u0131k: Osmanl\u0131-Germiyanl\u0131 Sava\u015f Senaryosu<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6semihal Gazi 1326’dan sonraki bir tarihte muhtemelen \u0130znik’in fethi \u00f6ncesi Osmanl\u0131’ya k\u00fcsm\u00fc\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc yarat\u0131larak Abdalan-\u0131 Rumla birlikte Derbent’e gelip zaviye g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc yere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Derbent ve \u00e7evre k\u00f6yl\u00fcler girdi\u011fi i\u015flerde diki\u015f tutturamayanlara \u2018K\u00f6se Mihal’in kap\u0131 tutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi…’ diyerek alaya al\u0131rlar. \u2018Kap\u0131 tutmamak’ hizmetine girdi\u011fi g\u00f6revlerden s\u0131k s\u0131k ayr\u0131lmak anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. K\u00f6se Mihal Bizans kap\u0131s\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 kap\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 kap\u0131s\u0131ndan da yapay bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcyle ayr\u0131larak bir Bekta\u015fi babas\u0131yla Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fcne gelmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6se Mihal’in t\u00fcrbesinin bulundu\u011fu yerin yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda 40-50 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar var olan, halk\u0131n S\u00fcnni inan\u0131\u015fa sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle olmas\u0131 gerek bu mezar bug\u00fcn yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Derbent, Bursa-\u0130zmir ipek yolundan ba\u015fka Bursa, Bal\u0131kesir ve K\u00fctahya istikametine giden bir \u00e7ok yolun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerdir. Osmanl\u0131ya Germiyanl\u0131 dikeni buradan batm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Diken girdi\u011fi yerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Arazi yap\u0131s\u0131 gayri nizami sava\u015fa uygundur. Abdalan-\u0131 Rum, Derbent’ten Bursa’ya kadar olan Da\u011f y\u00f6resinde \u0130pek yolu \u00e7evresinde, Bursa-\u0130neg\u00f6l aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Germiyanl\u0131’y\u0131 g\u00f6zlemi\u015ftir. Abdalan-\u0131 Rum’un aras\u0131nda G\u00f6zc\u00fc Mahmut, Geyikli Baba, G\u00f6zede Dedesi vard\u0131r (Kaplano\u011flu, 2001: 249, 120). Germiyanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ile bo\u011fu\u015fan K\u00f6se Mihal, halk inan\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re Derbent’te \u015fehit olmu\u015ftur ve \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bursa’n\u0131n tehdit alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle devlet hazinesi Orhangazi’nin damad\u0131 ve haznedar\u0131 Ali Dede taraf\u0131ndan Mudanya Han\u00e7erli k\u00f6y\u00fcnde saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaplano\u011flu, 2001: 134). Germiyanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile Keles-Kemaliye’de Geyikli Baban\u0131n da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta Germiyan Beyi I.Yakup’un o\u011flu Bal\u0131m Sultan esir edilmi\u015ftir. Yakup Bey o\u011flunun can\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orhangazi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te d\u00fczenli ordusu ile \u0130znik’in fethi ile me\u015fguld\u00fcr. Devlet merkezi ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar ge\u00e7ici olarak ordunun bulundu\u011fu \u0130znik’e yak\u0131n yere ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orhan Gazi belirli zamanlarda Bursa’y\u0131 savunan Abdalan-\u0131 Rumu denetlemektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130znik fethedilmi\u015f, Bursa’y\u0131 Germiyan tehdidinden kurtaran meyhor Geyikli Baba ve m\u00fcridlerine rak\u0131 ve \u015farap g\u00f6nderilerek \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015ftir (Kaplano\u011flu, 2000: 146). Rak\u0131 ve \u015farab\u0131n g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi s\u0131rada, Geyikli Baba ile Germiyanl\u0131 \u015eehzadesi Bal\u0131m Sultan birliktedir (\u00d6zen, 2002: 458). Di\u011fer Abdalan-\u0131 Rum da el \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015ftur (Hammer, 1989: 115,116).<\/p>\n

Geyikli Baban\u0131n esir ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Germiyan Beyi I.Yakup’un o\u011flu Bal\u0131m Sultan, Geyikli Baban\u0131n m\u00fcridi olup onunla birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bursa Ansiklopedisi, 2002: 766). Geyikli Baba’n\u0131n ve Bal\u0131m Sultan\u0131n mezar\u0131 BabaSultan k\u00f6y\u00fcndedir. Rehine ile rehin alan aras\u0131nda duygusal ili\u015fkinin meydana gelmesi psikiyatri ilminin kabul etti\u011fi bir fenomendir. Romanlara, filmlere konu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerinde ayn\u0131 dinden ve mezhepten olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fclemek gelene\u011fimizde yoktur. U\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilgilerden pek bahsetmemek, bu yenilgilerin \u00fczerlerini \u00f6rterek unutulmaya terk etmek bizde \u00e7ok eski bir adettir (Bardak\u00e7\u0131, 2004: 20). Kald\u0131 ki A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade tarihinin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte Germiyanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu\u011fundan tarihimizde bu konu ge\u00e7mez. Sadece Bursa’n\u0131n fethinde olmu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na yer ve zaman de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011fram\u0131\u015f s\u00f6ylenceler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

Olaylar\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Germiyana y\u0131ll\u0131k 100.000 alt\u0131n ve hediye vererek Germiyanl\u0131y\u0131 Osmanl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtanlardan Bizans imparatoru Kantakuzen d\u00f6nemin tarih\u00e7isidir. Orhangazi ile ili\u015fkilerinin iyile\u015fmesi ve akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131 nedeniyle bu konular tarihte yer almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Varl\u0131k, 1974: 36, \u00d6zel&\u00d6z, 2000: 66 ve Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1994: 134-136)<\/p>\n

Sunulan delillere, sezgi ve birikimlerime g\u00f6re senaryola\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m Germiyanl\u0131-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 konu ile ilgili bilim adam\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n dikkatine sunulur.<\/p>\n


\nSonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, daha \u00f6nce Harmanc\u0131k’da oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan Harmankaya’n\u0131n Harmanc\u0131k ile ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sakarya \u00f6tesindeki \u0130nhisar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Harmank\u00f6y ve civar\u0131nda var oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen Harmankaya’ya K\u00f6se Mihal’in daha sonralar\u0131 yerle\u015fti\u011fini, daha \u00f6nce ise Domani\u00e7 Bilelik yaylalar\u0131na yak\u0131n Keles, Koza\u011fac\u0131 k\u00f6yleri ve Gelemi\u00e7 K\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yerde tekfurluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yeni ve Eski Harmankaya diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m Harmankayalar\u0131n benzer co\u011frafi \u00f6zelliklere sahip oldu\u011funu yeni yerle\u015filen Harmankaya’n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde se\u00e7ildi\u011fini tespit edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, genel inan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re K\u00f6se Mihal’in t\u00fcrbesinin Bilecik-\u0130nhisar Harmank\u00f6y’de olmay\u0131p, asl\u0131nda Tav\u015fanl\u0131-Derbent K\u00f6y\u00fc oldu\u011fu akademik ve yetkili kurul karar\u0131yla da yak\u0131n zamanda belgelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, Osmanl\u0131 ve Bizans kaynaklar\u0131nda kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7meyen \u2018kara delik’le ilgili Osmanl\u0131-Germiyanl\u0131 hesapla\u015fmas\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutularak tarihimizin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunulmu\u015ftur. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu konuda biliminsanlar\u0131m\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan daha detayl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n


\nKaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n